di Domenico Bogliolo
Università di Roma "La Sapienza"

La ricerca, eseguita il 27 febbraio 2002, è stata impostata semplicemente con i paramentri <abstract=(knowledge ADJ management)> ripetuti anno per anno, dal 2002 all'indietro, e trovando 79 riferimenti utili (su 80) in 26 riviste, dal 2002 fino al 1996, anno prima del quale non sono qui disponibili riferimenti elettronici a testo pieno.

Una prima analisi algoritmica (o nominale) fornisce il seguente risultato.
 

Risultano citati 144 autori (in media, quasi due autori per articolo: 1,82) qui elencati senza valore aggiunto, mantenendo cioè la nominazione riportata negli articoli e trascurando le affiliazioni, spesso tuttavia presenti negli articoli.
 

Aben, Manfred  Adkins, Gary  Aguirre, J. L. Aha, D. W. Akman, Varol Alexander, Jeffre Anumba, Chimay J. Arcelli Fontana, Francesca Balasubramanian, P. Becerra-Fernandez, I. Beding, T. Benjamins, V. Richard Blair, David C. Bloodgood, James M. Bolisani, Ettore Brena, R. Buchwalter, J. Buckley, Peter J. Bukh, P. N. D Cantu, F. J. Carayannis, Elias G.  Carr, V.  Carrillo, Patricia M.  Carter, Martin J.  Chau, Patrick Y. K.  Courtney, James F. Damm, Daniela de Hoog, Robert Dekker, R. Demarest, Marc  Drew, Stephen Edvinsson, L. Empson, Laura  Eppler, Martin J. Fensel, Dieter  Gauthier, Laurent

Glassey, Jark Godinx, Robert Gould, Edward Gray, Peter H.  Hasan, Helena Haynes, Kingsley E.  Henderson, John C. Hendriks, Paul H. J. Henriksen, Lars Bo Herder, P. M. Hess, Traci J. Holcom, Kent  Holden, Tony Holsapple, C. W. Hu, Paul Jen-Hwa Ioannidis, Anthony  Jones, Geoff  Joshi, K. D.  Junnarkar, Bipin Kamara, John M. Keegan, Anne Kim, J. K. Kim, S. H. Kim, Young-Gul  Kitts, B. Krogh, Georg von Kuemmerle, Walter Kulkarni, Rajendra G. Kululanga, G. K Kwan, M. Millie Larsen, H. T. Larsen, Michael Holm Lee, J. K. Lee, Jang-Hwan Lee, K. C. Lefrere, Paul

Lewkowicz, Myriam Liao, Shu-hsien Liebowitz, J. Ma, Pai-Chun Malhotra, Y. Massey, Anne P. Matarazzo, James M.  McCaffer, R. McCaw, D. Mineau, Guy W. Mirchandani, Dinesh Missaoui, Rokia Mohan, Pankaj Montague, Gary Montoya-Weiss, Mitzi M. Morris, Timothy Mouritsen, J Néel, Thierry Nelson Jr, H. Roice  Newman, B. Nissen, Mark E. Nochur, Kumar Noh, J. B. Nonaka, Ikujiro Pakath, Ramakrishnan  Pakkan, Müjdat Parker, Donn B.  Pedersen, Mogens Kühn Petrash, Gordon Quintas, Paul Ramesh, Balasubramaniam Rebeck, K. Reinmoeller, Patrick Rensburg, Antonie van Rogers, Debra M. Amidon  Rubenstein-Montano, B.

Salisbury, Wm. David Sandberg, Jacobijn Scarso, Enrico  Schindler, Martin Schmalhofer, Franz Schmidt, Ruth A. Schreiber, Guus Senoo, Dai Shaw, Michael J. Shin, Minsooa Singh, M. Spek, Rob van der  Stough, Roger R. Studer, Rudi Subramaniam, Chandrasekar Sukowski, Oliver Tah, J.H.M. Tan, Gek Woo Teece, David J.  Tiwana, Amrit Turner, J. Rodney Vicenzi, Richard Vriens, Dirk J.  Walsham, Geoff Weber, R. Wegen, Bert van Weijnen, M. P. C. Welge, Michael E. West Jr, Lawrence A. Wielinga, Bob Wiig, Karl M. Wijetunge, Pradeepa Wilkins, Jeff Wright, K. Wu, D. J.  Zacklad, Manuela

Di essi, in particolare, Carayannis, Liebowitz e Wiig tornano con 3 ricorrenze a testa, e de Hoog, Drew, Hendriks, Holsapple, Liao, Nonaka, Ramesh e Tiwana con 2 ricorrenze ciascuno.

Per il 2002 (da gennaio ad aprile - si sa infatti che molti testi sono pubblicati in formato elettronico qualche mese prima della loro uscita su carta) sono stati trovati 8 riferimenti, 31 per il 2001, 11 per il 2000, 11 per il 1999, 5 per il 1998, 12 per il 1997 e 3 per il 1996, anno d'inizio, per ora, delle serie in elettronico.

In forma grafica, con una decisa tendenza quasi esponenziale:

La bibliografia viene qui fornita in ordine cronologico inverso, anche se il materiale può essere, ovviamente, organizzato per temi (anche se, come accade per ogni tassonomia, inevitabilmente soggettivi e utilitaristici, perché dipendenti dal punto di vista del compilatore), facendoci aiutare da un'analisi di ricorrenza delle parole-chiave per costruire semplici grappoli semantici (del che si tratta nella seconda parte) nei quali ripartire le citazioni.

L'elenco riporata, in sequenza, titolo, autore, testata, editore, ISSN, parole-chiave presenti, abstract ed è ripartina nelle annate 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996.

A CLEVER approach to selecting a knowledge management strategy / Kamara, John M.; Anumba, Chimay J.; Carrillo, Patricia M.
International Journal of Project Management Vol: 20, Issue: 3 April, 2002 pp. 205-211
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0263-7863
Keywords: CLEVER project; Knowledge management strategy; Organisational knowledge management
Abstract: The effective management of knowledge is being recognised as a vehicle through which organisations can address their need for innovation and improved business performance. This paper describes a framework for selecting a knowledge management strategy that is appropriate to the organisational and cultural context of an organisation. The framework is the main output of the CLEVER (cross-sectoral learning in the virtual enterprise) research project at Loughborough University. It was developed following a detailed study of current knowledge management processes in the construction and manufacturing sectors. The approach represented in the framework underscores the fact that knowledge management is not an end in itself but a means towards the solution of business problems that militate against the efficiency and innovative capacity of a company.

The challenge of commercial document retrieval, Part I: Major issues, and a framework based on search exhaustivity, determinacy of representation and document collection size / Blair, David C.
Information Processing and Management Vol: 38, Issue: 2 March, 2002 pp. 273-291
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0306-4573
Abstract: With the growing focus on what is collectively known as ìknowledge managementî, a shift continues to take place in commercial information system development: a shift away from the well-understood data retrieval/database model, to the more complex and challenging development of commercial document/information retrieval models. While document retrieval has had a long and rich legacy of research, its impact on commercial applications has been modest. At the enterprise level most large organizations have little understanding of, or commitment to, high quality document access and management. Part of the reason for this is that we still do not have a good framework for understanding the major factors which affect the performance of large-scale corporate document retrieval systems. The thesis of this discussion is that document retrievalóspecifically, access to intellectual contentóis a complex process which is most strongly influenced by three factors: the size of the document collection; the type of search (exhaustive, existence or sample); and, the determinacy of document representation. Collectively, these factors can be used to provide a useful framework for, or taxonomy of, document retrieval, and highlight some of the fundamental issues facing the design and development of commercial document retrieval systems. This is the first of a series of three articles. Part II (D.C. Blair, The challenge of commercial document retrieval. Part II. A strategy for document searching based on identifiable document partitions, Information Processing and, this issue) will discuss the implications of this framework for search strategy, and Part III (D.C. Blair, Some thoughts on the reported results of Text REtrieval Conference (TREC), Information Processing and Management, 2002, forthcoming) will consider the importance of the TREC results for our understanding of operating information retrieval systems.

Home base and knowledge management in international ventures / Kuemmerle, Walter
Journal of Business Venturing Vol: 17, Issue: 2 March, 2002 pp. 99-122
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0883-9026
Keywords: International entrepreneurship; Typology of international ventures; Knowledge management international ventures.
Abstract: Building on earlier research about foreign direct investment (FDI) and knowledge management in international firms and on the analysis of six international ventures the paper develops a number of propositions. We suggest that international ventures are conceived as ëinternationalí because cross-border activities increase the chances of venture survival and growth. We also suggest that, in the early stages of international ventures, cross-border activities that augment the venture's knowledge base are more prevalent than cross-border activities that exploit the venture's knowledge base. Finally, the paper points out research trajectories for more detailed studies of knowledge management in international ventures.

Problem solving and knowledge inertia /  Liao, Shu-hsien
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 22, Issue: 1 January, 2002 pp. 21-31
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Problem solving; Knowledge management; Knowledge inertia; Artificial intelligence; Theory
Abstract:   Knowledge is becoming much more important for individuals and organizations than before.  Knowledge management (KM) has been proposed as a methodology that can manage knowledge  in organizations. However, KM may also have a nature, knowledge inertia (KI), stemming from the  use of routine problem solving procedures, stagnant knowledge sources, and following past  experience or knowledge. It may enable or inhibit an organization's or an individual's ability on  problem solving. In order to explore to what extent, this research investigates several issues. First,  types of knowledge have been specified. Second, knowledge from problem solving has been  classified and understood. Third, inertia from knowledge is illustrated with some cases. Fourth,  circulation of knowledge types in terms of avoiding KI is described. Finally, a case study of a  military training institute implementing training revolution and overcoming KI is demonstrated. The  proposed knowledge-based architecture investigates the mechanism of case base, heuristic base,  and rule base that incorporates explicit knowledge, tacit knowledge, and procedural knowledge in  support of managing knowledge and dealing with inertia.

A structured groupware for a collective decision-making aid / Lewkowicz, Myriam; Zacklad, Manuela
European Journal of Operational Research Vol: 136, Issue: 2 January 16, 2002 pp. 333-339
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0377-2217
Keywords: Collective decision-making; Design Rationale; Groupware; Problem-solving methods
Abstract: We present the groupware MEMO-Net which aim is to support collective problem solving and to memorize all exchanged arguments. This groupware is based on a knowledge-structuring method (DIPA) that provides a work support for the team using the tool and that permits the exchanges' structure for a better knowledge management.

Metadata as a knowledge management tool: supporting intelligent agent and end user access to spatial data / West Jr, Lawrence A.; Hess, Traci J.
Decision Support Systems Vol: 32, Issue: 3 January, 2002 pp. 247-264
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Metadata; Knowledge management; DSS; GIS; Information system design; Agent; End-user
Abstract: Many factors have led to explosive growth in the use of geographic information system (GIS) technology to support managerial decision making. Despite their power, utility, and popularity, however, GIS require a significant amount of specialized knowledge for effective use. This paper describes a GIS-based decision support system (DSS) design approach that embeds much of this knowledge in well-structured metadata and presents it to the decision maker through an appropriate interface or software agents, thereby decreasing system learning costs and improving effectiveness. The metadata design from a spatial decision support system (SDSS) is presented along with illustrations showing how the design addresses specific knowledge management (KM) problems. The paper then discusses how the knowledge management design approach can be generalized to other SDSS, to DSS in general, and to data warehouses.

Security issues of a knowledge medium for distributed project work / Damm, Daniela; Schindler, Martin
International Journal of Project Management Vol: 20, Issue: 1 January, 2002 pp. 37-47
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0263-7863
Keywords: Knowledge management; Security; Trust; Project management; Virtual organisations
Abstract: Project-based organisations are effective forms of knowledge production and of the learning organisation. The article describes a project-oriented knowledge medium (PKM), which covers far more than the planning capabilities of project management systems. The PKM is designed to cover the whole process of knowledge management including the production, distribution and utilization of knowledge. When the project partners are developing a strategy for cooperation, a special focus must be placed on security issues. This article examines relevant security issues of such PKM, ranging from problems arising from different security policies to goal conformity and content authentication as well as general security aspects.

Adoption of Knowledge Management by the Sri Lankan University librarians in the light of the National Policy on University Education / Wijetunge, Pradeepa
International Journal of Educational Development Vol: 22, Issue: 1 January, 2002 pp. 85-94
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0738-0593
Keywords: Education policy; Sri Lanka; University education; Knowledge Management; University librarians
Abstract: This paper discusses the concept of knowledge and provides a definition of Knowledge Management. It also gives an insight into the Sri Lankan University context and the background which required the national policy reforms on universities. It also describes the four key areas of the national policy on university education and the knowledge requirements of the policy implementers. In the fourth section, the paper discusses Knowledge Management by the university librarians. The position of the Sri Lankan University librarian within the university, management of knowledge within the university and the skills required by the librarians for Knowledge Management are discussed.

Re-engineering the customer relationship: leveraging knowledge assets at IBM / Massey, Anne P.; Montoya-Weiss, Mitzi M.; Holcom, Kent
Decision Support Systems Vol: 32, Issue: 2 December, 2001 pp. 155-170
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Information technology; Internet; Electronic channel; Knowledge management; Customer relationship
Abstract: A successful knowledge management strategy identifies a firm's key leverage points essential to achieve business results. These often reside in core business processes that may be re-engineered to capitalize on and expand organizational knowledge resources and capabilities. This case describes a 4-year initiative undertaken by IBM to re-engineer its customer relationship management process and capitalize on knowledge-based resources. The case illustrates the effective, integrated use of information technologies to improve the performance of both customers and IBM's human experts by providing knowledge access and availability, acquiring and assembling knowledge, and disseminating knowledge to those who need to apply it.

Knowledge Management: The Benefits and Limitations of Computer Systems / Walsham, Geoff
European Management Journal Vol: 19, Issue: 6 December, 2001 pp. 599-608
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0263-2373
Keywords: Knowledge management; Information and communication technologies; Tacit knowledge; Meaning; Communication; Knowledge-sharing
Abstract: Much organisational effort has been put into knowledge management initiatives in recent years, and information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been central to many of these initiatives. However, organisations have found that levering knowledge through ICTs is often hard to achieve. This paper addresses the question of why this is the case, and what we can learn of value to the future practice of knowledge management. The analysis in the paper is based on a human-centred view of knowledge, emphasising the deep tacit knowledge which underpins human thought and action, and the complex sense-reading and sense-giving processes which human beings carry out in communicating with each other and ësharingí knowledge. The paper concludes that computer-based systems can be of benefit in knowledge-based activities, but only if we are careful in using such systems to support the development and communication of human meaning.

Intellectual capital and the ëcapable firmí: narrating, visualising and numbering for managing knowledge / Mouritsen, J; Larsen, H.T.; Bukh, P.N.D
Accounting, Organizations and Society Vol: 26, Issue: 7-8 October - November, 2001 pp. 735-762
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0361-3682
Abstract: Intellectual capital statements are ënewí forms of reporting whose object is knowledge management activities. Based on 17 firmsí work to develop intellectual capital statements, this paper analyses them as managerial technologies making knowledge amenable to intervention. Aspects of actor-network-theory are mobilised to suggest that the intellectual capital statement is a centre of translation, which mobilises knowledge management via three interrelated elements: knowledge narratives, visualisations and numbers. Intellectual capital statements report on the mechanisms put in place to make knowledge manageable. Writing intellectual capital is a local story, which often concerns making knowledge collective and a process of allowing it to be oriented towards organisational ends. In such a story, knowledge is about a firm's capabilities and abilities to make a difference to a user. When writing an intellectual capital statement, firms locate employees, customers, processes and technologies and orient them towards a user. However, the statement as such is a means of ëdis-locatingí knowledge resources making them amenable to intervention. There are certain broad types of intervention that allows a classification of strategies of intervention to be proposed. These terms are portfolio management, improvement activities and productivity. Such forms of intervention circumscribe the aspiration to transform knowledge from something internal to the person into something that is the effect of a collective arrangement. They allowóthrough intellectual capital statementsóthe dark, tacit knowing of individuals to come into the open space of calculation and action at a distance.

Measuring knowledge management for construction organizations / Kululanga, G. K.; McCaffer, R.
Engineering Construction & Architectural Management Vol: 8, Issue: 5-6 October 2001 pp. 346-354
Publisher: Blackwell Science Ltd ISSN: 0969-9988
Keywords: construction organizations; intellectual capital; knowledge management
Abstract: The greatest challenge facing construction executives is how to manage their intellectual capital. The business environment has now entered a knowledge era, where knowledge has become power and learning rapidly and competently has become a pre-eminent strategy for success. Thus, knowledge is rapidly becoming more important to organizations than financial resources, market positions, technology and other tangible assets. However, the management of intellectual capital is still an under-charted territory within construction organizations. Managing know-how, know-what, know-why is unlike managing finances or construction plant, yet intellectual investments need to be treated with every bit of care. Learning organizations deliberately and competently manage knowledge as one of their central factors of success in this knowledge economy. It is from this understanding that this paper presents the principles that underly knowledge management and invokes a framework which aims at facilitating management of construction organizationsí intellectual capital as one of the strategies for improving construction business processes.

Towards a framework for project risk knowledge management in the construction supply chain / Tah, J.H.M.; Carr, V.
Advances in Engineering Software Vol: 32, Issue: 10-11 October - November, 2001 pp. 835-846
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0965-9978
Keywords: IDEF0; Object modelling; Project risk analysis and management; Qualitative risk assessment; UML
Abstract: The shortcomings of current project risk management processes, tools and techniques, are identified and the case for the application of knowledge management philosophies and techniques to project risk management is made. A common language for describing risks based on a hierarchical-risk breakdown structure has been developed and it provides the basis for developing a sharable knowledge-driven approach to risk management. This defines generic risk and remedial action descriptive terms, which can then be stored in catalogues. These have been implemented in a database management system to act as a knowledge repository. A prototype system being developed to support the risk management framework is briefly discussed.

Knowledge management and engineering practices: the case of knowledge management, problem solving and engineering practices / Henriksen, Lars Bo
Technovation Vol: 21, Issue: 9 September, 2001 pp. 595-603
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0166-4972
Keywords: Knowledge management; Engineering practices; Problem solving
Abstract: Recent debates on knowledge management, competence strategy and the like have made knowledge a pivotal concept in studies of management of technology. It is rather trivial to argue that engineers need to know in order to function as engineers. But how does knowledge work in engineering practices? The Knowledge Project was an attempt to get closer to the everyday life of engineers and to find ways of making engineer's search for knowledge more efficient. The major results from The Knowledge Project are described in this article.

Making the Most of Your Company's Knowledge: A Strategic Framework / von Krogh, Georg; Nonaka, Ikujiro; Aben, Manfred
Long Range Planning Vol: 34, Issue: 4 August, 2001 pp. 421-439
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0024-6301
Abstract: This paper develops a framework of four strategies for managing knowledge. Companies can leverage their knowledge throughout the organisation, expand their knowledge further based on existing expertise, appropriate knowledge from partners and other organisations, and develop completely new expertise by probing new technologies or markets. The two core processes of knowledge creation and transfer are central to the execution of these strategies, as is the company's domains of knowledge. The framework is based on conceptualisation about knowledge management practices at Unilever, a multinational fast-moving consumer goods company.

Mechanisms of governance in the project-based organization: Roles of the broker and steward / Turner, J. Rodney; Keegan, Anne
European Management Journal Vol: 19, Issue: 3 June, 2001 pp. 254-267
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0263-2373
Keywords: Governance; Transaction cost economics; Project-based organizations; Projects
Abstract: The last 50 years has seen a shift in the nature of work, from mass production, with stable customer requirements and slowly changing technology, to the current situation where every product or service may be supplied against a bespoke design, and technology changes continuously and rapidly. This modern environment is a more project-based economy. The management of the former situation was well understood, based on classical management theory, developed over the previous 100 years. Classical management offers the traditional organization many strengths derived from the functional hierarchy at its core. These include strong central planning, governance and control, knowledge management and human resource development. The project-based organization requires a new approach to its management, which addresses the unique, novel and transient nature of its work, but retains the strengths of classical management. This paper is one of a series aimed at deriving such a management paradigm for the project-based organization. In this paper, we describe governance structures adopted by successful project-based organizations, and how they use them to manage the interface between projects and their clients. We describe two roles observed at this interface, labelled the broker and steward. We provide a Transaction Cost perspective of the governance mechanisms observed and the two roles. We note that the same governance mechanisms are adopted whether the project is managed in the market or the hierarchy. This is in stark contrast to the classically managed organization, and suggests different pressures act on the project-based organization requiring hybrid governance structures to be adopted for all projects. We outline the roles of the broker and steward in the different project governance structures we have identified. We consider why it is necessary to have two roles, a broker and a steward, and not one person fulfilling both.

A design knowledge management system to support collaborative information product evolution / Tiwana, Amrit; Ramesh, Balasubramaniam
Decision Support Systems Vol: 31, Issue: 2 June, 2001 pp. 241-262
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Information product development; Knowledge management system; Publishing industry; Knowledge integration
Abstract: The Internet has led to the widespread trade of digital information products. These products exhibit unusual properties such as high fixed costs and near-zero marginal costs. They need to be developed on compressed time frames by spatially and temporally distributed teams, have short lifecycles, and high perishability. This paper addresses the challenges that information product development (IPD) teams face. Drawing on the knowledge intensive nature of IPD tasks, we identify potential solutions to these problems that can be provided by a knowledge management system. We discuss a prototype Knowledge Management System (KMS) that supports linking of artifacts to processes, flexible interaction and hypermedia services, distribution annotation and authoring as well as providing visibility to artifacts as they change over time. Using a case from the publishing industry, we illustrate how contextualized decision paths/traces provide a rich base of formal and informal knowledge that supports IPD teams.

Knowledge management and data mining for marketing / Shaw, Michael J.; Subramaniam, Chandrasekar; Tan, Gek Woo; Welge, Michael E.
Decision Support Systems Vol: 31, Issue: 1 May, 2001 pp. 127-137
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Data mining; Knowledge management; Marketing decision support; Customer relationship management
Abstract: Due to the proliferation of information systems and technology, businesses increasingly have the capability to accumulate huge amounts of customer data in large databases. However, much of the useful marketing insights into customer characteristics and their purchase patterns are largely hidden and untapped. Current emphasis on customer relationship management makes the marketing function an ideal application area to greatly benefit from the use of data mining tools for decision support. A systematic methodology that uses data mining and knowledge management techniques is proposed to manage the marketing knowledge and support marketing decisions. This methodology can be the basis for enhancing customer relationship management.

A problem-solving perspective on knowledge management practices / Gray, Peter H.
Decision Support Systems Vol: 31, Issue: 1 May, 2001 pp. 87-102
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Knowledge management; Decision making; Problem solving
Abstract: A wide variety of organizational practices have been proposed to support the creation, storage and transfer of knowledge, yet it is often unclear how these practices relate to one another in their contribution to organizational performance. This study develops a categorization system for knowledge management practices based on two dimensions: the practices' role in the problem-solving process, and the type of problem they address. Analysis of survey data supports the proposed framework and uncovers two higher order factors that correspond to the concepts of exploration and exploitation. By focusing attention on the importance of problem solving in transforming knowledge into business value, this research suggests a new way to understand the connection between knowledge management practices and organizational goals.

Distributed knowledge management based on product state models - the case of decision support in health care administration / Pedersen, Mogens Kühn; Larsen, Michael Holm
Decision Support Systems Vol: 31, Issue: 1 May, 2001 pp. 139-158
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Distributed knowledge management; Product state model; Decision support systems; Health care
Abstract: Knowledge management has inspired a shift from a transaction to a distributed knowledge management (DKM) perspective on inter-organizational information processing. The DKM concept structures the knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, and knowledge exploitation in organizations according to a product state model (PSM) required for management of technological diversity. Each player in the network acquires specific knowledge from other players for decision support. This article shows the relevance of the DKM model in a case study of a distributed decision support system (DDSS) in health care administration in the US.
Forward References: Gunasekaran, A., "E-commerce and its impact on operations management" International Journal of Production Economics 2002 pp. 185-197

Guest editorial: bites, bits, and video games: the changes ahead / Matarazzo, James M.
The Journal of Academic Librarianship Vol: 27, Issue: 3 May, 2001 pp. 171-172
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0099-1333
Abstract: Special and research libraries are experiencing growing and conflicting pressures in a rapidly changing environment. At the same time that organizations are increasingly viewing information as central to their competitive position in the marketplace, there has been a veritable explosion in the amount of information available for review and analysis. The result is that today and even more so tomorrow, it will be moreónot lessódifficult to find and utilize information for effective decision making, research, and publications. In many respects, the special and research libraries have been the unwitting recipients of this apparent paradox. Caught between the demand for delivering better, faster, and more information and knowledge on the one hand, and the difficulty of identifying, retrieving, and synthesizing information and knowledge on the other hand, the role and place of these information centers of tomorrow are undergoing considerable debate. At one extreme, some would argue that traditional library functions should be largely outsourced and many services transferred to the end-user. Others would view the core library functions as providing the springboard for enterprise-wide policies and procedures regarding information and knowledge management. In light of the above discussion, we conducted a study in 1997 and again in 2000. We selected a number of U.S. corporations and research libraries as grappling with this underlying dilemma. More specifically, this research was concerned with the direction in which special and research librarians and information managers saw their own libraries moving in the future. The subject libraries were selected largely because of their presence in industry and the academy, and because they were large organizations with at least some global presence. Structured interviews were conducted with the head of information and library sciences within each organization. To insure candid responses those in the survey were assured of confidentiality.

A stage model of organizational knowledge management: a latent content analysis / Lee, Jang-Hwan; Kim, Young-Gul
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 20, Issue: 4 May, 2001 pp. 299-311
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Organizational capability; Knowledge management; Stage model; Content analysis
Abstract: This study develops an integrated management framework for building organizational capabilities of knowledge management. The framework consists of four major components of management: organizational knowledge, knowledge workers, knowledge management processes, and information technology. Based on the framework, this study proposes a stage model of organizational knowledge management encompassing the initiation, propagation, integration, and networking stages. Each of the four stages is differentiated in terms of its management goals, activities, and characteristics of the management components. To validate the proposed stage model, we conducted a latent content analysis of 21 knowledge management case reports. While the results do not validate the time sequence of each stage, they do reveal meaningful clustering of distinct case organizations in different knowledge management implementation stages.

Decision making and knowledge management in inquiring organizations: toward a new decision-making paradigm for DSS / Courtney, James F.
Decision Support Systems Vol: 31, Issue: 1 May, 2001 pp. 17-38
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Decision support systems; Knowledge management; Inquiring systems; Inquiring organizations;Wicked decisions
Abstract: Organizational decisions of the future may include social, environmental, and economic concerns, and be much more ìwickedî [Policy Sciences, 4 (1973) 155], complex and interconnected than those of the past. Organizations and their decision support systems must embrace procedures that can deal with this complexity and go beyond the technical orientation of previous DSS. Singerian inquiring organizations [Australian Journal of Information Systems, 6 (1) (1998) 3; http://www.cba.uh.edu/~parks/fis/fis.htm (1998); Proceedings of 3rd Americas Conference on Information Systems, Indianapolis, August 1997, p. 293; Proceedings of the 1999 Meeting of the America's Conference on Information Systems, Milwaukee, August 1999; Special Issue of Information Systems Frontiers on Philosophical Reasoning in Information Systems Research (in press)], based on Churchman's [The Design of Inquiring Systems: Basic Concepts of Systems and Organization, Basic Books, New York, NY, 1971] inquiring systems and Mitroff and Linstone's [The Unbounded Mind: Breaking the Chains of Traditional Business Thinking, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1993] unbounded systems thinking (UST), are designed to deal with wicked decision situations. This paper discusses DSS and knowledge management in Singerian organizations and calls for a new decision-making paradigm for DSS.

A systems thinking framework for knowledge management / Rubenstein-Montano, B.; Liebowitz, J.; Buchwalter, J.; McCaw, D.; Newman, B.; Rebeck, K.
Decision Support Systems Vol: 31, Issue: 1 May, 2001 pp. 5-16
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Knowledge management; Framework; Systems thinking
Abstract: Myriad frameworks have been developed for knowledge management. However, the field has been slow in formulating a generally accepted, comprehensive framework for knowledge management. This paper reviews the existing knowledge management frameworks and provides suggestions for what a general framework should include. The distinguishing feature of this research is that it emphasizes placing knowledge management in a larger context of systems thinking so that the influencing factors on its success or failure can better be recognized and understood.

Support for the sense-making activity of managers / Hasan, Helena; Gould, Edward
Decision Support Systems Vol: 31, Issue: 1 May, 2001 pp. 71-86
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Activity theory; Cultural-historical; Decision-making; Information; Knowledge
Abstract: The knowledge management literature has focussed on the creation and capture of organisational knowledge, but little attention has been paid to the ways in which senior managers make sense of, and use, this knowledge for decision making. This paper describes a new approach to the study of this problem using the cultural-historical activity theory. This theory takes activity, mediated by tools and the community, as the basic component in purposeful human work. A consequence of using this theory is the recognition of the pivotal role of the sense-making activity in linking the processes of knowledge management and strategic decision-making.

Understanding the influence of organizational change strategies on information technology and knowledge management strategies / Bloodgood, James M.; Salisbury, Wm. David
Decision Support Systems Vol: 31, Issue: 1 May, 2001 pp. 55-69
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Strategic change; Knowledge management; Tacit knowledge
Abstract: While discussion about knowledge management often centers around how knowledge may best be codified into an explicit format for use in decision support or expert systems, some knowledge best serves the organization when it is kept in tacit form. We draw upon the resource-based view to identify how information technology can best be used during different types of strategic change. Specifically, we suggest that different change strategies focus on different combinations of tacit and explicit knowledge that make certain types of information technology more appropriate in some situations than in others.

Organizational knowledge resources / Holsapple, C.W.; Joshi, K.D.
Decision Support Systems Vol: 31, Issue: 1 May, 2001 pp. 39-54
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Delphi study; Knowledge; Knowledge management; Knowledge resources; Taxonomy
Abstract: Decision-making episodes are knowledge intensive processes, operating on and adding to organizational knowledge resources. Decision support systems (DSS) perform some of the knowledge management (KM) that is integral to these episodes. Interest in the field of KM, among both practitioners and researchers has mushroomed in the late 1990s. Initiatives that aim to deliberately, explicitly manage organizations' knowledge resources have become commonplace. A basic prerequisite for fully understanding how an organization can, could, or should conduct KM is an appreciation of the kinds of knowledge resources it has. In this paper, a framework of knowledge resources is introduced, focusing on identifying and organizing basic classes of knowledge resources, and supplemented by the identification of attribute dimensions for characterizing knowledge across these classes. Developed via a Delphi methodology involving an international panel of practitioners and researchers, this framework is assessed as being relatively successful in terms of completeness, accuracy, clarity, and conciseness criteria. The result is a basis for investigating effects of alternative knowledge resource portfolios, and for studying how an organization does, could, or should conduct its KM ó including its decision-making episodes.

From knowledge theory to management practice: towards an integrated approach / Shin, Minsooa; Holden, Tony, 1; Schmidt, Ruth A.
Information Processing and Management Vol: 37, Issue: 2 March, 2001 pp. 335-355
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0306-4573
Keywords: Decision support; Knowledge flow; Knowledge management; Knowledge management systems
Abstract: This paper critically contrasts the three main schools of thought on knowledge ? namely, those that respectively conceptualize knowledge as situated in mind, process, and object ? and assesses the resulting implications for knowledge management (KM). Against the background of the existing diversity of definitions of KM an integrated and holistic view of the KM value chain is put forward. Within this theoretical framework five main research streams (culture, knowledge location, awareness, evaluation, and absorption) are identified with a view to devising a practical concept of KM applicable in a business context. With a focus on knowledge flow and detailed approaches to potential solutions, conflicts and compatibilities between existing business strategies and KM are examined. A conceptual model is devised to offer a holistic integration of the theoretical and practical themes in order to serve as a framework for developing a future research agenda for the development of theoretically grounded, yet practical, KM business tools and applications.

Knowledge management and its link to artificial intelligence / Liebowitz, J.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 20, Issue: 1 January, 2001 pp. 1-6
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Knowledge management; Artificial intelligence; Expert systems
Abstract: Knowledge management is an emerging area which is gaining interest by both industry and government. As we move toward building knowledge organizations, knowledge management will play a fundamental role towards the success of transforming individual knowledge into organizational knowledge. One of the key building blocks for developing and advancing this field of knowledge management is artificial intelligence, which many knowledge management practitioners and theorists are overlooking. This paper will discuss the emergence and future of knowledge management, and its link to artificial intelligence.
Forward References: Liao, Shu-hsien, "Problem solving and knowledge inertia" Expert Systems with Applications 2002 pp. 21-31

Evaluation of SGML-based information through fuzzy techniques / Arcelli Fontana, Francesca
Information Processing and Management Vol: 37, Issue: 1 January 1, 2001 pp. 75-90
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0306-4573
Keywords: Structured documents; SGML; Fuzzy techniques; Document evaluation
Abstract: The large amount of information available and the difficulty on processing it has made knowledge management a promising area of research. Several topics are related to it, for example distributed and intelligent information retrieval, information filtering and information evaluation, which became crucial. In this paper, we focus our attention on the knowledge evaluation problem. With the aim of evaluating information coded in the standard non-proprietary format SGML (as also in XML), we propose some evaluation methods based on L-grammars which are fuzzy grammars. In particular we apply these methods to the evaluation of documents in SGML-format and to the evaluation of HTML-pages in the World Wide Web. L-grammars generate recursively enumerable L-languages, as it has been proved in Gerla ((1991), Information Sciences 53), and so they can be used to generate fuzzy languages based on extensions of the document type definitions (DTD) involved by SGML. Given a DTD, we extend its associated language by adding a judgement label. By selecting a particular label and by taking the start symbol of the grammar associated to the DTD, we can generate any DTD-compliant document with a fuzzy degree of membership derived from the judgement label. In this way we fit the computational model underlying the recursively enumerable L-languages to the process of collecting different evaluations of the same document. Finally, we outline how the generalization of these methods of evaluation can be applied in different contexts and for different roles, as for example for information filtering.

Problem solving and knowledge inertia / Liao, Shu-hsien
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 22, Issue: 1 January, 2002 pp. 21-31
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Problem solving; Knowledge management; Knowledge inertia; Artificial intelligence; Theory
Abstract: Knowledge is becoming much more important for individuals and organizations than before. Knowledge management (KM) has been proposed as a methodology that can manage knowledge in organizations. However, KM may also have a nature, knowledge inertia (KI), stemming from the use of routine problem solving procedures, stagnant knowledge sources, and following past experience or knowledge. It may enable or inhibit an organization's or an individual's ability on problem solving. In order to explore to what extent, this research investigates several issues. First, types of knowledge have been specified. Second, knowledge from problem solving has been classified and understood. Third, inertia from knowledge is illustrated with some cases. Fourth, circulation of knowledge types in terms of avoiding KI is described. Finally, a case study of a military training institute implementing training revolution and overcoming KI is demonstrated. The proposed knowledge-based architecture investigates the mechanism of case base, heuristic base, and rule base that incorporates explicit knowledge, tacit knowledge, and procedural knowledge in support of managing knowledge and dealing with inertia.

Will Dreams Come True? Review of The Atomic Components of Thought, by John R. Anderson and Christian Lebiere / Schmalhofer, Franz
Journal of Mathematical Psychology Vol: 45, Issue: 6 December 2001 pp. 917 - 923
Publisher: Academic Press ISSN: 0022-2496
Abstract: John R. Anderson is a distinguished researcher of cognitive psychology and cognitive science, whose work has helped shape these fields for more than 20 years. He is the Walter VanDyke Bingham Professor of Cognitive Science and a professor in the Department of Psychology at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, where he has taught since 1978. He received a Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1972 and has been a junior fellow at the University of Michigan and assistant, associate, and full professor at Yale University. He is an elected member of the Society of Experimental Psychologists and has been the President of the Cognitive Science Society (1988?1989). Anderson has received the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Career Award. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has completed close to 300 publications, including several monographs and co-authored books. His research goal is to understand how people organize knowledge that they acquire from their diverse experiences to produce intelligent behavior. The concern is very much with how it is all put together and this has led to the focus on what are called ìunified theories of cognition.î Christian Lebiere is a research scientist in the Human?Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. He holds a B.S. degree in computer science from the Université de Liège, Belgium (1986), and a M.S. (1990) and Ph.D. (1998) in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University. His research interests are cognitive architectures and their applications to psychology, artificial intelligence, economics, decision theory, and human?computer interaction. He has published several journal articles and conference papers on these topics. The reviewer, Franz Schmalhofer, is a Professor of Cognitive Psychology at the University of Osnabrueck. He has received a Ph.D. in 1982 in psychology from the University of Colorado, Boulder. He was a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Heidelberg (1982?1984), an assistant professor at the University of Freiburg, Germany, and at McGill University (1984?1989), and a research group leader and senior scientist at the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Kaiserslautern (1989?2000). In 1996 he was awarded the venia legendi for teaching psychology at the University of Heidelberg. He published a book entitled Constructive Knowledge Acquisition in 1998 and has additional publications on text comprehension, problem solving, memory, decision making, artificial intelligence, human?computer interaction, and knowledge management

Expert systems for knowledge management: crossing the chasm between information processing and sense making / Malhotra, Y.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 20, Issue: 1 January, 2001 pp. 7-16
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Expert systems; Artificial intelligence; Knowledge management; Information systems; Information science; Business strategy; Discontinuous change; Sense making; Information processing
Abstract: Based on insights from research in information systems, information science, business strategy and organization science, this paper develops the bases for advancing the paradigm of AI and expert systems technologies to account for two related issues: (a) dynamic radical discontinuous change impacting organizational performance; and (b) human sense-making processes that can complement the machine learning capabilities for designing and implementing more effective knowledge management systems.
Forward References: Liao, Shu-hsien, "Problem solving and knowledge inertia" Expert Systems with Applications 2002 pp. 21-31

Intellectual capital: from intangible assets to fitness landscapes / Kitts, B.; Edvinsson, L.; Beding, T.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 20, Issue: 1 January, 2001 pp. 35-50
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Intellectual capital; Intargible assets; Fitness landscapes
Abstract: Intellectual Capital (IC) has been proposed by Edvinsson and Malone (Intellectual capital, Harper, 1997) as a technique for quantifying a company's intangible assets. A careful analysis can result in hundreds of variables, and extracting knowledge from these measurements can be difficult. We introduce a knowledge management technique called IC mapping that attempts to synthesize this data into a fitness landscape. Using the map, managers can query the surrounding landscape, view the company's trajectory across the landscape, and calculate what parameters need to be changed to reach new locations. IC mapping provides a novel knowledge management tool for understanding, managing, and representing a company's intangible knowledge assets.

Intelligent lessons learned systems / Weber, R.; Aha, D.W.; Becerra-Fernandez, I.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 20, Issue: 1 January, 2001 pp. 17-34
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Lessons learned systems; Knowledge management; Artificial intelligence; Case-based reasoning
Abstract: Lessons learned processes have been deployed in commercial, government, and military organizations since the late 1980s to capture, store, disseminate, and share experiential working knowledge. However, recent studies have shown that software systems for supporting lesson dissemination do not effectively promote knowledge sharing. We found that the problems with these systems are related to their textual representation for lessons and that they are not incorporated into the processes they are intended to support. In this article, we survey lessons learned processes and systems, detail their capabilities and limitations, examine lessons learned system design issues, and identify how artificial intelligence technologies can contribute to knowledge management solutions for these systems.
Forward References: Liao, Shu-hsien, "Problem solving and knowledge inertia" Expert Systems with Applications 2002 pp. 21-31

The knowledge chain model: activities for competitiveness / Holsapple, C.W.; Singh, M.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 20, Issue: 1 January, 2001 pp. 77-98
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Competitiveness; Knowledge chain; Knowledge management activities; Model
Abstract: Today, there is a growing recognition by researchers and practitioners about the importance of managing knowledge as a critical source for competitive advantage. Various assertions about competitiveness through knowledge management (KM) are consistent with results of empirical studies and lessons learned on the knowledge highways and byways. In spite of these macro-level contentions and success stories, there has been little investigation of a systematic means for studying connections between KM activity and competitiveness. This paper advances a knowledge chain model that identifies and characterizes KM activities an organization can focus on to achieve competitiveness. The model is analogous to Porter's value chain and is grounded in a descriptive KM framework developed via a Delphi-study involving international KM experts. It is comprised of five primary activities that an organization's knowledge processors perform in manipulating knowledge resources, plus four secondary activities that support and guide their performance. Each activity is discussed in detail, including examples. Evidence is provided from the literature illustrating each activity's role in adding value to an organization to increase its competitiveness through improved productivity, agility, reputation, and innovation. In conclusion, we present some observations about avenues for future research to extend, test, and apply the model in business practices.

Software agents for knowledge management: coordination in multi-agent supply chains and auctions / Wu, D.J.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 20, Issue: 1 January, 2001 pp. 51-64
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Software Agents; Supply chains; Knowledge Management; Auctions
Abstract: A fundamental question that must be addressed in software agents for knowledge management is coordination in multi-agent systems. The coordination problem is ubiquitous in knowledge management, such as in manufacturing, supply chains, negotiation, and agent-mediated auctions. This paper summarizes several multi-agent systems for knowledge management that have been developed recently by the author and his collaborators to highlight new research directions for multi-agent knowledge management systems. In particular, the paper focuses on three areas of research:
Coordination mechanisms in agent-based supply chains. How do we design mechanisms for coordination, information and knowledge sharing in supply chains with self-interested agents? What would be a good coordination mechanism when we have a non-linear structure of the supply chain, such as a pyramid structure? What are the desirable properties for the optimal structure of efficient supply chains in terms of information and knowledge sharing? Will DNA computing be a viable tool for the analysis of agent-based supply chains? Coordination mechanisms in agent-mediated auctions. How do we induce cooperation and coordination among various self-interested agents in agent-mediated auctions? What are the fundamental principles to promote agent cooperation behavior? How do we train agents to learn to cooperate rather than program agents to cooperate? What are the principles of trust building in agent systems? Multi-agent enterprise knowledge management, performance impact and human aspects. Will people use agent-based systems? If so, how do we coordinate agent-based systems with human beings? What would be the impact of agent systems in knowledge management in an information economy?
Forward References: Kwon, O.B., "A multi-agent intelligent system for efficient ERP maintenance" Expert Systems with Applications 2001 pp. 191-202

Multiagent-based knowledge networks / Aguirre, J.L.; Brena, R.; Cantu, F.J.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 20, Issue: 1 January, 2001 pp. 65-75
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Multi-agents; Knowledge networks; Knowledge management
Abstract: In this article, we present an approach for the design and development of knowledge networks and corporate memories based on Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) technology. A corporate memory is conceptualized as a network of agents that collaborate to provide the users with knowledge services for both intranets and the Internet. Lessons learned from the introduction of knowledge management practices into organizations are presented. These lessons have influenced and driven the MAS approach to knowledge networks and corporate memories described in this paper. An implementation of the RICA system (Knowledge and Information Networks with Agents), which incorporates these ideas, is presented.

A case-based reasoning approach to cognitive map-driven tacit knowledge management / Noh, J.B.; Lee, K.C.; Kim, J.K.; Lee, J.K.; Kim, S.H.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 19, Issue: 4 November, 2000 pp. 249-259
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Knowledge management; Cognitive map; Case-based reasoning
Abstract:   Knowledge is at the heart of knowledge management. In literature, a lot of studies have been  suggested covering the role of knowledge in improving the performance of management. However,  there are few studies about investigating knowledge itself in the arena of knowledge management.  Knowledge circulating in an organization may be explicit or tacit. Until now, literature in knowledge  management shows that it has mainly focused on explicit knowledge. On the other hand, tacit  knowledge plays an important role in the success of knowledge management. It is relatively hard  to formalize and reuse tacit knowledge. Therefore, research proposing the explication and reuse of  tacit knowledge would contribute significantly to knowledge management research. In this sense,  we propose using cognitive map (CM) as a main vehicle of formalizing tacit knowledge, and  case-based reasoning as a tool for storing CM-driven tacit knowledge in the form of frame-typed  cases, and retrieving appropriate tacit knowledge from the case base according to a new problem.  Our proposed methodology was applied to a credit analysis problem in which decision-makers  need tacit knowledge to assess whether a firm under consideration is healthy or not. Experiment  results showed that our methodology for tacit knowledge management can provide decision  makers with robust knowledge-based support.
Forward References:  Lee, Kun Chang, "Fuzzy cognitive map approach to web-mining inference amplification" Expert Systems with Applications 2002 pp. 197-211

Leveraging knowledge, learning, and innovation in forming strategic government?university?industry (GUI) R&D partnerships in the US, Germany, and France / Carayannis, Elias G.; Alexander, Jeffrey; Ioannidis, Anthony
Technovation Vol: 20, Issue: 9 September, 2000 pp. 477-488
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0166-4972
Keywords: Intelligent trans-organizational knowledge interfaces; Knowledge sharing; Research collaboration; Government?university?industry strategic R&D partnerships
Abstract:   The linkage between theory on knowledge management and strategic management provides a  framework for understanding the imperative for collaborative research partnerships, particularly  those involving government, university and industry actors. The emergence of collaboration is  facilitated by the sharing of knowledge across organizational boundaries, which promotes the  formation of trusted relationships and builds social capital for further cooperation. Furthermore,  these partnerships are a vehicle for accelerating organizational learning and for coordinating  trans-organizational ìcommunities of innovationî. Understanding the nature, process, and content of  such collaborative research and technological development ventures can endow with strategic  insights both the government policy making and the corporate strategy crafting that informs, shapes,  and evolves such partnerships. In particular, government and industry can learn from past  experience on how to design intelligent trans-organizational knowledge interfaces to ensure that  knowledge sharing occurs across organizational boundaries. A cross-sectional analysis of  representative cases of GUIs from the US, Germany, and France, yields a preliminary list of key  considerations and corresponding strategic management skills which firms must develop to  participate in win?win?win GUI alliances.

Process systems knowledge sharing between higher education and industrial practice /  Weijnen, M.P.C.; Herder, P.M.
Computers and Chemical Engineering Vol: 24, Issue: 2-7 July 15, 2000 pp. 1467-1472
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0098-1354
Keywords: Knowledge management; Design process; Education; Management
Abstract:   Five students from the TU Delft and TU Eindhoven were assigned with an M.Sc. research project  on implementing knowledge management in different chemical processing companies. The student  research projects were set up as a knowledge transfer experiment in itself, encouraging knowledge  sharing between the students, between the universities and between the companies involved. In  addition, the student projects provided the authors with an excellent opportunity to test the  curriculum contents of the process systems engineering specialization in the Department of  Technology, Policy and Management in a ëhard coreí chemical engineering environment. The  multidisciplinary TPM graduates proved to fulfill a need, or at least a niche, in the process industry.  This has triggered the development of integrated courses, combining education in process design  and operation with organization and (knowledge) management in the department of TPM.

Managing team knowledge: core processes, tools and enabling factors / Eppler, Martin J.; Sukowski, Oliver
European Management Journal Vol: 18, Issue: 3 June, 2000 pp. 334-341
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0263-2373
Keywords: High-performance Teams; Knowledge Management; Leadership; Communication; Lessons Learned; Team Processes; Action Research; Project Management; Product Development; Team Management
Abstract:   Based on action research with product development teams from Roche and DaimlerChrysler, and  project teams from Pixelpark and Versicherungskammer Bayern, the following article proposes a  model of how team leaders can improve the knowledge management within their teams. The  model consists of five layers. The first layer describes the necessary communication platforms for a  team. The second level, the normative layer, consists of team rules, goals, and standards. The third  layer represents the core team knowledge processes. The fourth layer assembles the relevant tools.  The last layer describes the necessary leadership functions to foster effective team knowledge  management.

A Tool for Assessing Organizational Vitality in an Era of Complexity / Vicenzi, Richard; Adkins, Gary
Technological Forecasting and Social Change Vol: 64, Issue: 1 May, 2000 pp. 101-113
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0040-1625
Abstract:   The evolution toward a post-industrial, or knowledge-based, economy brings previously  unrecognized predicators of organizational health into focus. The authors integrate concepts from  complexity theory, post-modern organizational theory, and ìKnowledge Managementî as a  source for innovation into a diagnostic tool to measure the comparative health of an organization in  terms of successfully competing in the emerging 21st century economy. Factors such as the  character of leadership and trust evident in the organization, the relative influence of expertise over  ìposition power,î the level of connectivity between work groups and people allowing for the  meaningful exchange and flow of information, the amount of cultural and cognitive diversity among  agents in the work system, and the degree to which anxiety and stress are contained to positively  impact performance levels are included in the assessment. The diagnostic tool is outlined and a case  study described where the tool is used to identify appropriate interventions in different organizations  that are attempting to adapt to their changing market places.

Towards Modeling of Communities of Practice (CoPs): A Hebbian Learning Approach to Organizational Learning /  Kulkarni, Rajendra G.; Stough, Roger R.; Haynes, Kingsley E.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change Vol: 64, Issue: 1 May, 2000 pp. 71-83
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0040-1625
Abstract:   This article addresses the issue of group learning, which is an emerging philosophy in the field of  organizational learning. Although not all groups learn, those that do and form spontaneously have  been referred to as Communities of Practice (CoPs). These groups appear to be very important  among professional and dynamically interactive organizations. Members of such groups come  together mainly due to exposure to a set of shared problems, professional and/or social. These  members interact directly and use each other as sounding boards for new ideas and help each other  learn. Both the business and academic fields have come to recognize CoPs as one of the most  important structures in learning institutions or organizations. Identification, cultivation and  maintenance of such groups has become a key issue in the field of knowledge management. If  CoPs are one of the mechanisms by which organizations learn then it would be useful to acquire  greater insight into these groups. In this article, we propose an analytical model of CoPs based on  the neural network concept of Hebbian learning. Computer simulations are used to test the analytical  model.

Conceptual modeling for data and knowledge management /  Mineau, Guy W.; Missaoui, Rokia; Godinx, Robert
Data & Knowledge Engineering Vol: 33, Issue: 2 May, 2000 pp. 137-168
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0169-023x
Keywords: Conceptual modeling; Conceptual graphs; Knowledge modeling; Knowledge-based information systems; Conceptual modeling for knowledge management
Abstract:   In order to exploit knowledge embedded in databases and to migrate from data to knowledge  management environments, conceptual modeling languages must offer more expressiveness than  traditional modeling languages. This paper proposes the conceptual graph formalism as such a  modeling language. It shows through an example and a comparison with Telos, a semantically rich  knowledge modeling language, that it is suited for that purpose. The conceptual graph formalism  offers simplicity of use through its graphical components and small set of constructs and operators.  It allows easy migration from database to knowledge base environments. Thus, this paper  advocates its use.

Issues in the development of an industrial bioprocess advisory system / Glassey, Jark; Montague, Gary; Mohan, Pankaj
Trends in Biotechnology Vol: 18, Issue: 4 April 1, 2000 pp. 136-141
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-7799
Keywords: Biotechnology; Techniques and methods; Biochemistry; Knowledge-based systems; Knowledge elicitation; Tylosin fermentation; Fault detection; Multivariate data analysis; Knowledge management
Abstract:   The background and motivation for the construction of a fault detection and advisory system for an  industrial fermentation process plant are described. Here, the knowledge extracted from the  operators (implemented in the form of production rules) is integrated with multivariate data-based  methods for fault detection. The industrial benefits arising from this integrated system include: (1)  reduced variability, (2) increased mean performance levels, (3) reduced operator-training time and  (4) knowledge management in the broader organization.

Knowledge Management in Global Technology Markets: Applying theory to practice / Buckley, Peter J.; Carter, Martin J.
Long Range Planning Vol: 33, Issue: 1 February 1, 2000 pp. 55-71
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0024-6301
Abstract:   Knowledge management has become one of the most widely promoted management ideas of all  time. It is perhaps more than a passing fad, suggesting a real convergence of theoretical and  practical ideas about the firm. Ideas developed to explain strategic success are being used to design  strategies which improve the firm's ability to capture more of the potential value from the knowledge  which they and their members have or can acquire. This article provides an outline of the theory of  knowledge in business and describes and analyses two matched but contrasting examples of  knowledge management activities that illustrate the impact of theory on practice.

The monetary value of knowledge assets: a micro approach / Dekker, R.; de Hoog, R.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 18, Issue: 2 February, 2000 pp. 111-124
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Value of knowledge; Formal model; Process re-engineering; Knowledge management
Abstract:   Measuring the value of knowledge is rapidly becoming a topic of interest in the wake of the  increasing attention for knowledge management. Several approaches have been proposed in the  past, most of them focused on measuring at a high level of abstraction the ìintellectual capitalî of a  company. A low-level approach, meant to measure the value of separate knowledge assets is  defined in a formal model. The model calculates the return on a knowledge asset (its value) as the  difference between the cost incurred for using the knowledge asset in activities to produce products  minus the revenues generated by these products. The activity side of this equation relies on Activity  Based Costing. For the revenues side different procedures can be used for distributing product  revenues over activities and knowledge assets. The approach is illustrated by a case study  concerning loan revision performed in a large bank in Netherlands. It was shown that the method is  applicable and led in the case study to the unexpected result that the return on most knowledge  assets for loan revision was negative. The results of the method could also be used to calculate the  financial prospects of re-engineering proposals. To conclude, several constraints and benefits of the  method are discussed.

Strategies for Managing Knowledge Assets: the Role of Firm Structure and Industrial Context /  Teece, David J.
Long Range Planning Vol: 33, Issue: 1 February 1, 2000 pp. 35-54
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0024-6301
Abstract:   In the new economy, the sustainable competitive advantage of business firms flows from the  creation, ownership, protection and use of difficult-to-imitate commercial and industrial knowledge  assets. Such assets include tacit and codified know-how, both technical and organisational, whether  or not protected by the instruments of intellectual property such as trade secrets, copyrights and  patents. Competitive advantage undergirded by such assets can be sustainable to the extent to  which it is transferable and useable inside the firm, but difficult for outsiders to access and/or  recreate. Knowledge management can be used to describe the panoply of procedures and  techniques used to get the most from a firmís knowledge assets. Information technology can assist  knowledge management, but knowledge management involves much more than the astute use  of IT tools. In particular, knowledge management requires the development of dynamic  capabilitiesÖ the ability to sense and then seize opportunities quickly and proficiently. This is  especially so in environments characterised by increasing returns, irrespective of the appropriability  regime. Companies slow to respond to the new reality will be severely handicapped.
Forward References:  Stonehouse, George H., "The Role of Knowledge Facilitators and Inhibitors" Long Range Planning 2001 pp. 115-138

Evaluation of user interface designs for information retrieval systems: a computer-based experiment /  Hu, Paul Jen-Hwa; Ma, Pai-Chun; Chau, Patrick Y.K.
Decision Support Systems Vol: 27, Issue: 1-2 November, 1999 pp. 125-143
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: User interface design and evaluation; Human?computer interaction; Information retrieval; System?user concept communication
Abstract:   In this study, we conducted a computer-based experiment to evaluate and compare the  effectiveness of six different interface designs, graphical or list-based, in supporting communication  of an object's ìrelevanceî from an information retrieval (IR) system to its users. We adopted the  Model Human Processor to provide a necessary framework to incorporate relevant cognitive  psychology theories and user-centered design principles in the development of different interfaces.  The study had a well-researched theoretical foundation, complied with relevant design principles,  and included a large-scale empirical evaluation. Our results suggest that interface design may have a  significant effect on system?user concept communication, regardless of users' familiarity with the  search task, and that a graphical user interface may be more effective in supporting such  communication than a list-based design. Furthermore, we also examined the cognitive load and user  satisfaction resulting from each investigated interface design. Findings of the study have important  implications for the design of IR systems (including online library systems and Internet-based search  systems) as well as for the information representation and visualization of knowledge management  systems, which ordinarily depend on text-based display methods to support system?user concept  communication.

Managing process knowledge for decision support / Balasubramanian, P.; Nochur, Kumar; Henderson, John C.; Kwan, M. Millie
Decision Support Systems Vol: 27, Issue: 1-2 November, 1999 pp. 145-162
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Decision support; Knowledge management; Strategy
Abstract:   In this paper we describe a technique for modeling and implementing process knowledge within an  organization. We begin by presenting a framework (Knowledge Mill) for describing the knowledge  management process. Later, we elaborate on one aspect of the process ó classification. In  particular, we describe a goal-oriented modeling schema for capturing and organizing knowledge  during the decision-making process. A patented tool (ThoughtFlowô) that supports the application  of the goal-oriented schema is also described. In addition, a case study of using the framework and  tool in a strategy deployment process, within the IT organization of a large company, is presented.

Do smarter systems make for smarter organizations? /  Hendriks, Paul H.J.
Decision Support Systems Vol: 27, Issue: 1-2 November, 1999 pp. 197-211
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Organizational impact of knowledge-based systems; Knowledge engineering; Knowledge management; Core competencies; Job quality
Abstract:   This article explores the role of knowledge-based systems (KBS) in knowledge management  (KM). KM is considered an umbrella term, incorporating various issues related to the value of  knowledge as a production factor. This study assesses three research themes which together  address the main object of KM. First, how do the introduction and utilization of KBS affect the  organizational core competencies? Secondly, is the knowledge content of products and services  affected by KBS? Thirdly, how do these systems affect job quality? The results of an empirical  investigation in 24 knowledge-intensive, commercial organizations show that KBS usually have a  positive impact on organizational competencies. They reveal that KBS may both threaten and  enhance the knowledge content of certain tasks. They also show that, in general, the introduction of  KBS leads to a slight decrease in job quality.

Supporting Collaborative Process Knowledge Management in New Product Development Teams /  Ramesh, Balasubramaniam; Tiwana, Amrita
Decision Support Systems Vol: 27, Issue: 1-2 November, 1999 pp. 213-235
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Knowledge management; Collaborative product development; Organizational memory; Organizational learning; New product development; Knowledge management systems; Decision support systems; Process knowledge; Design rationale
Abstract:   Knowledge centric activities of developing new products and services are becoming the primary  source of sustainable competitive advantage in an era characterized by short product life cycles,  dynamic markets and complex processes. We view new product development (NPD) as a  knowledge-intensive activity. Based on a case study in the consumer electronics industry, we  identify problems associated with knowledge management (KM) in the context of NPD by  cross-functional collaborative teams. We map these problems to broad Information Technology  enabled solutions and subsequently translate these into specific system characteristics and  requirements. A prototype system that meets these requirements developed to capture and manage  tacit and explicit process knowledge is further discussed. The functionalities of the system include  functions for representing context with informal components, easy access to process knowledge,  assumption surfacing, review of past knowledge, and management of dependencies. We  demonstrate the validity our proposed solutions using scenarios drawn from our case study.

Knowledge-based knowledge management in the reengineering domain / Nissen, Mark E.
Decision Support Systems Vol: 27, Issue: 1-2 November, 1999 pp. 47-65
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-9236
Keywords: Expert systems; Knowledge management; Knowledge systems; Reengineering
Abstract:   A fundamental problem with knowledge management is the information technology (IT)  employed to enable knowledge work appears to target data and information, as opposed to  knowledge itself. In contrast, knowledge-based systems (KBS) maintain an explicit and direct focus  on knowledge. The research described in this article is focused on innovating knowledge  management through KBS technology. We refer to this KBS-enabled transformation of  knowledge work as knowledge-based knowledge management. Drawing from the recent  literature, we identify a number of key activities associated with knowledge management to  establish a set of requirements for knowledge management support. We match these  requirements with textbook capabilities of intelligent systems and use this analysis to evaluate  KOPeR, a KBS employed to automate and support knowledge management in the reengineering  domain. We find KOPeR possesses the capabilities required for knowledge management  support. And its field application, as part of a major reengineering engagement, reveals four  important knowledge effects enabled by this KBS. From this study, we also find KOPeR to be  effective in its automation and support of key knowledge management activities. And through its  successful use and knowledge effects in this study, we conclude that KBS can be developed and  employed for effective knowledge management support.
Forward References: Liao, Shu-hsien, "Problem solving and knowledge inertia" Expert Systems with Applications 2002 pp. 21-31

Does measuring knowledge make ìcentsî? /  Liebowitz, J.; Wright, K.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 17, Issue: 2 August, 1999 pp. 99-103
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Keywords: Intellectual capital measurement; Knowledge management; Intangible asset recognition
Abstract:   Intellectual capital measurement is an important element of knowledge management.  Organizations are grappling with the issue of how best to show that knowledge management  efforts are benefiting their organization. The measurement and valuation of knowledge, especially  pertaining to human capital, is an area of great interest. This article discusses this issue and proposes  a valuation model for human capital.

Building Knowledge Management into Strategy: Making Sense of a New Perspective / Drew, Stephen
Long Range Planning Vol: 32, Issue: 1 March 19, 1999 pp. 130-136
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0024-6301
Abstract:   Strategy at the Leading Edge features short reports on conferences, new research and experiments  by academics, organizations and consultancies for all those involved in strategy and strategic  management. Contributions (two hard copies and a disk) should be sent to Martin Whitehill, City  University Business School, Frobisher Crescent, Barbican Centre, London EC2Y8HB E-mail:  m.whitehill@city.ac.uk.   Knowledge management is rapidly becoming one of the next big trends. All the signs are apparent  in the number of recent conferences, articles and books devoted to the topic. Even the comic strip  Dilbert has taken notice and poked fun at it. Our experience of earlier management trends, including  BPR, organizational learning and TQM, might cause sceptics to question: so whats new here? The  experiences of knowledge management pioneers in North America and Europe show that real  and significant results are possible. However, as with older methodologies, good planning and  implementation are essential and success is not guaranteed. This paper explores how managers  might build knowledge management into the strategy process in their firms. Much has already  been written about the philosophy and concepts of knowledge and intellectual capital. Less attention  has been focused on how to combine a knowledge perspective with established strategy tools, or  how to develop unique knowledge-based sources of sustainable competitive advantage. Gary  Hamel and C.K. Prahalad have observed that managers typically spend too little time thinking  seriously about strategy and the future. We need to ensure that in this limited time, the important  dimension of knowledge doesnt get overlooked.

Knowledge-based systems and knowledge management: Friends or foes? / Hendriks, Paul H.J.; Vriens, Dirk J.
Information & Management Vol: 35, Issue: 2 February 8, 1999 pp. 113-125
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0378-7206
Keywords: Knowledge-based systems; Knowledge management; Knowledge processing strategy; Strategic application identification; Organizational impact of knowledge-based systems; Organizational conditions for knowledge-based systems
Abstract:   Knowledge-based systems (KBS) provide a way of formalizing and automating knowledge. Their  worth for managing the knowledge assets has not gone unnoticed: they have been promoted as  safeguards to retain expert knowledge, to avoid knowledge erosion, etc. KBS are the outcome of a  knowledge engineering process that may be seen as providing some of the building blocks of  knowledge management. Although `knowledge' is the first word in knowledge-based systems,  they are hardly ever considered from a knowledge perspective. As a result, a biased view of the  organizational value of KBS exists in the literature, putting an undue emphasis on technology. The  key issue addressed in this article is: how does knowledge engineering relate to a broader  perspective of knowledge management? A way to identify the issues to be addressed when  valuing KBS as potential measures for knowledge management is presented. To illustrate its  value, the outcomes of a recent empirical investigation of how KBS function within organizations are  presented.

Information technology management: a knowledge-based perspective / Bolisani, Ettore; Scarso, Enrico
Technovation Vol: 19, Issue: 4 February, 1999 pp. 209-217
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0166-4972
Keywords: Information technology; Knowledge transfer; management studies
Abstract:   In management studies knowledge is increasingly recognised to be a primary source of firms'  competitiveness. The creation, management, and transfer of knowledge are regarded as central  issues by scholars and practitioners. In the process of knowledge transfer a vital role is also  ascribed to computer and telecommunication systems. Based on recent theoretical approaches to  knowledge management, and in particular Nonaka's perspective, the paper examines the critical  issues associated with the inter-organisational transfer of knowledge. The various kinds of  knowledge generated and exchanged by the firms are compared and contrasted, as well as the  specific problems of knowledge management which arise. The implications of the applications of  Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are then illustrated. In particular, it is discussed  that different ICT systems, which are designed to handle different kinds of information and data, are  appropriate to the transfer of different kinds of knowledge. The interpretative framework proposed  here is then applied to a number of case studies of various ICT applications implemented in the  northeast of Italy.

Fostering synergies between information technology and managerial and organizational cognition: the role of knowledge management / Carayannis, Elias G.
Technovation Vol: 19, Issue: 4 February, 1999 pp. 219-231
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0166-4972
Keywords: collaborative learning; co-opetition; information technology productivity paradox; knowledge management, managerial and organizational cognition; meta-learning; next generation intelligent agents; organizational knowledge management networks
Abstract:   In this paper, we try to understand the role of knowledge management in fostering a synergistic  symbiosis between information technology and managerial and organizational cognition. Both  information technology and knowledge management can be perceived as strategic enablers of  managerial and organizational cognition. We synthesize classical cognition concepts and recent  empirical experience with knowledge management applications to develop an organizational  knowledge management model (the Organizational Cognition Spiral or OCS) and tool (the  organizational knowledge network or OK net) for understanding and supporting managerial and  organizational cognition.

Four models for a decision support system / Mirchandani, Dinesh; Pakath, Ramakrishnan
Information & Management Vol: 35, Issue: 1 January 4, 1999 pp. 31-42
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0378-7206
Keywords: Symbiotic DSSs; Expert Systems; Holistic DSSs; Adaptive DSSs; Knowledge-oriented view; Static systems; Dynamic systems; Non-adaptive systems; Relative assessment
Abstract:   We examine four decision support system (DSS) models ? the Symbiotic, Expert, Holistic, and  Adaptive ? and distinguish them in terms of the impact of their knowledge management styles on  their problem-processing behavior. We draw upon existing notions of knowledge types and their  management to develop a knowledge-oriented view. We use it to categorize the models as being  either Static or Dynamic. From this perspective, the Holistic DSS may be regarded as being the  most advanced, as it postulates holistic problem recognition and processing capabilities. While  progress has been made on digitally simulating holistic recognition, much remains to be done in  developing practical processors and truly holistic systems that couple such processors and  recognizers.

The `ART' of knowledge: Systems to capitalize on market knowledge / Nonaka, Ikujiro; Reinmoeller, Patrick; Senoo, Dai
European Management Journal Vol: 16, Issue: 6 December, 1998 pp. 673-684
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0263-2373
Abstract:   The authors argue that current knowledge management practice, which focuses on managing explicit  data and information technology, is not enough. Tacit knowledge, such as subjective insights or  emotions must also be considered.   Converting between these forms of knowledge is important, and the concept of ART  (action?reflex?trigger) systems is introduced to enable this to take place. ART systems enable  companies to implement a multi-dynamic approach to knowledge management.    The complex concept of `ba' is introducedóa shared mental space for knowledge creationówhich  provides a foundation for knowledge creation. The authors explore the nature, context and enabling  conditions for ART systems and show how ba can be employed in ART systems.   A case studyóof the Seven-Eleven Japan corporation is presented, whose outstanding success is  based on the capitalization of market knowledge, striking a balance between supportive IT and  human insight, to achieve a multi-dynamic approach to knowledge management. The company  integrates several interlinked ba and ART systems.

The strategic management of technological learning in project/program management: the role of extranets, intranets and intelligent agents in knowledge generation, diffusion, and leveraging / Carayannis, Elias G.
Technovation Vol: 18, Issue: 11 November, 1998 pp. 697-703
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0166-4972
Abstract:   This is primarily a conceptual paper on the value-adding potential of higher order technological  learning processes in virtual, intelligent, networked enterprises (VINEs). The role of learning in  effectively leveraging information technology in Web-enabled enterprises is examined, especially in  the case of intelligent agents, intranets, and extranets that constitute organic components of intra-  and inter-organizational knowledge management networks. The strategic role of technological  learning in successful project and program management is examined and presented. Moreover, the  role of information technology as an enabling agent for the processes of individual, group, intra- and  inter-organizational higher order technological learning is outlined. Finally, the competitive advantage  in the quality, timeliness, and accuracy of information and knowledge created and disseminated by  virtue of extranets, intranets, and intelligent agents is studied and lessons learned from current theory  and practice identified.

A framework for business process management / van Rensburg, Antonie
Computers & Industrial Engineering Vol: 35, Issue: 1-2 October, 1998 pp. 217-220
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0360-8352
Keywords: Business process; business architecture; business process reengineering; balance scorecard; process-based organisation; business process management
Abstract: A framework for business process management facilitates the implementation, management and improvement of process-based organisations. In order to do so, organisations require new capabilities such as change roadmaps, knowledge management and balanced performance measures.

Organisation and expertise: an exploration of knowledge bases and the management of accounting and consulting firms / Morris, Timothy; Empson, Laura
Accounting, Organizations and Society Vol: 23, Issue: 5-6 July 8, 1998 pp. 609-624
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0361-3682
Abstract:   Existing theories have recognised the importance of expert knowledge in the formation and survival  of professional service firms (PSFs), such as accounting and consulting firms, but have not fully  explained its role. We argue that knowledge is a key determinant of the organisational structure and  performance of PSFs. We examine forms of knowledge and knowledge management strategies  within PSFs and develop a framework linking the firm's knowledge base and organisational  structure. Two contrasting case studies are presented to illustrate these arguments. The paper  concludes with a set of propositions to guide further research.

Knowledge Engineering: Principles and methods / Studer, Rudi; Benjamins, V. Richard; Fensel, Dieter
Data & Knowledge Engineering Vol: 25, Issue: 1-2 March, 1998 pp. 161-197
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0169-023x
Keywords: Knowledge Engineering; Knowledge acquisition; Problem-solving method; Ontology; Information integration
Abstract:   This paper gives an overview of the development of the field of Knowledge Engineering over the  last 15 years. We discuss the paradigm shift from a transfer view to a modeling view and describe  two approaches which considerably shaped research in Knowledge Engineering: Role-limiting  Methods and Generic Tasks. To illustrate various concepts and methods which evolved in recent  years we describe three modeling frameworks: CommonKADS, MIKE and PROTÉGÉ-II. This  description is supplemented by discussing some important methodological developments in more  detail: specification languages for knowledge-based systems, problem-solving methods and  ontologies. We conclude by outlining the relationship of Knowledge Engineering to Software  Engineering, Information Integration and Knowledge Management.

Leveraging Collective Intellect by Building Organizational Capabilities / Junnarkar, Bipin
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 13, Issue: 1 July, 1997 pp. 29-40
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Abstract:   This paper approaches knowledge management from a definitely practical angle. Based on  experiences in Monsanto, several important aspects are addressed. The notion of value  creation through insight generation is seen as crucial. Leveraging collective intellect heavily  relies on learning. By using the completeness-of-information and clarify-of-understanding  dimension more light is shed on adding value through learning. A knowledge management  methodology consisting of six components (ëmapsí) is presented that has been used in  Monsanto to deal with knowledge management problems. The enabling role of information  technology is highlighted. In the concluding section some guidelines for knowledge  management actions are stated, which will help users to avoid the many traps that can occur  when dealing with knowledge in organizations.

Understanding and Valuing Knowledge Assets: Overview and Method / Wilkins, Jeff; van Wegen, Bert; de Hoog, Robert
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 13, Issue: 1 July, 1997 pp. 55-72
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Abstract:   This paper investigates issues concerning the definition and valuation of knowledge assets. It  starts by reviewing several approaches to defining knowledge assets more precisely. These  include human resource accounting, organizational learning and intellectual property. Next  an inventory is made of how the valuation problem is handled in practice, focusing on  corporate practices, venture capital practice and commercial banking practices. From there  a new framework for knowledge assets is developed based on relevant differences between  human resource assets and intellectual property. Subsequently a method is described for  valuing knowledge assets at a level of detail that is relevant for knowledge management.  This method uses the added value and the cost of a knowledge asset as the main contributors  to value. For establishing the cost of a knowledge asset, use is made of activity based  costing. Additionally some limitations of the method are discussed.

Methods and Techniques for Knowledge Management: What Has Knowledge Engineering to Offer? / Wielinga, Bob; Sandberg, Jacobijn; Schreiber, Guus
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 13, Issue: 1 July, 1997 pp. 73-84
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Abstract:   Knowledge engineering has been around for more than a decade, and has achieved some  results that will be useful for knowledge management. This paper tries to link both areas and  show how the latter can benefit from the achievements of the former. First an overview is  given of the major ëassetsí realized by knowledge engineering. Next it is investigated how  requirements from knowledge management could be met by reusing modeling results and  ontologies. Two case studies are presented to show how both disciplines could work together  to improve the knowledge households of museums. The paper concludes with some  observations on the future relation between knowledge engineering and knowledge  management.
Forward References: Liao, Shu-hsien, "Problem solving and knowledge inertia" Expert Systems with Applications 2002 pp. 21-31

Knowledge Management: Where Did It Come From and Where Will It Go? / Wiig, Karl M.
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 13, Issue: 1 July, 1997 pp. 1-14
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Abstract:   Knowledge management came for some as the proverbial bolt from the blue. This paper  traces the history of knowledge management from its modest beginnings in the early/mid  eighties to its current status. It shows that knowledge management is, to a certain extent, the  logical next step in a sequence of societal developments that has already been going on for a  very long time. The likely future of knowledge management is explored along four  perspectives: The management practices perspective, the information technology  perspective, the organizational efforts perspective and the development, supply and adoption  rate perspective. The conclusion is that knowledge management methods and technologies  will, until the turn of the century, be provided in a ëtechnology pushí manner. After that time  a more ëdemand pullí way is foreseen. For the average company the full operation period  will probably be in the first quarter of the next century. And, as will happen with every new  approach, it will become outdated somewhere in the second quarter of the next century.
Forward References: Liao, Shu-hsien, "Problem solving and knowledge inertia" Expert Systems with Applications 2002 pp. 21-31

Supporting Knowledge Management: A Selection of Methods and Techniques / Wiig, Karl M.; de Hoog, Robert; van der Spek, Rob
Expert Systems with Applications Vol: 13, Issue: 1 July, 1997 pp. 15-27
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0957-4174
Abstract:   Carrying out knowledge management effectively requires support from a repertoire of  methods, techniques and tools. This paper provides a selection of those methods. They are described according to a conceptual framework that sees knowledge management as  consisting of four activities that are performed sequentially. These activities are Review,  Conceptualize, Reflect and Act. For each activity some methods are discussed while  additional ones are referred to in the existing literature. At several points in the paper links  with other contributions in this special issue are stipulated, as is also done the other way  round. It is concluded that there is already a comprehensive set of support methods  available, but for some peculiar aspects of knowledge assets there are still gaps. This holds in  particular for the tangibility and measurability of knowledge assets.
Forward References: Liao, Shu-hsien, "Problem solving and knowledge inertia" Expert Systems with Applications 2002 pp. 21-31

Knowledge Management: a Strategic Agenda / Quintas, Paul; Lefrere, Paul; Jones, Geoff
Long Range Planning Vol: 30, Issue: 3 June, 1997 pp. 322,385-391
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0024-6301
Abstract:   This article explores what knowledge management is and what relevance it has to organizations and  the people who work in or with them. Taking a broad definition of knowledge, it raises a number of  questions concerning knowledge management as a source of competitive advantage and questions  our conceptualization of ëknowledgeí. We provide a brief review of the field and raise a number of  challenges for managers. From this emerges an agenda for the development of action-orientated  goals for managers, organizations and networks of organizations. These include the formulation and  implementation of strategies for developing, acquiring and applying knowledge, and the monitoring  and evaluation of knowledge assets and processes for the their effective management.

Understanding Knowledge Management / Demarest, Marc
Long Range Planning Vol: 30, Issue: 3 June, 1997 pp. 321-322,374-384
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0024-6301
Abstract:   It has become commonplace to assert that the post-industrial, global economy is  information-intensive. What is perhaps more remarkable is that the call to knowledge is being  sounded at all levels of economic analysis: at the macro level of global markets and economic  trends, at the meso level of the interfirm networks and value chains that construct and deliver value  to customers, and at the micro level of the firm: the basic unit of analysis. The notion that more and  more of what is delivered by value chains to end-consumers is based on information, either as the  raw material from which value is produced, as the means of production, or as components of the  actual end-product. In some senses, knowledge--the actionable information embodied in the set of  work practices, theories-in-action, skills, equipment, processes and heuristics of the firm's  employees--is now the core intangible asset of firms competing in global information-intensive  economies. This article discusses the rise of knowledge management as a discipline, defines the  relationship between knowledge management and traditional measures of firm performance like  marketplace innovation, internal efficiency and profitability, describes some basic models for  understanding how knowledge is created, embodied and distributed within organizations, and traces  the connection between knowledge management and the infrastructure that supports it: particularly,  new information technologies.

Integrating Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management / Wiig, Karl M.
Long Range Planning Vol: 30, Issue: 3 June, 1997 pp. 323-324,399-405
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0024-6301
Abstract:   Progressive managers consider intellectual capital management (ICM) and knowledge management  (KM) to be vital for sustained viability. Recent practices support this notion and have provided  important approaches and tools. IC focuses on renewing and maximising the enterprise--wide value  of intellectual assets. KM supports ICM by focusing on detailed systematic, explicit processes and  overlap and synergy between ICM and KM, and advanced enterprises pursue deliberate strategies  to coordinate and exploit them. From ICM perspectives, they create balanced intellectual capital  portfolios that they implement with KM approaches and tools.

From Knowledge to Action: the Impact of Benchmarking on Organizational Performance / Drew, Stephen A. W.
Long Range Planning Vol: 30, Issue: 3 June, 1997 pp. 325-326,427-441
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0024-6301
Abstract:   Benchmarking seeks out, internalizes and improves upon competitors' best-practice capabilities.  This article presents results of a research study into benchmarking and its links to improvements in  organizational performance. The discussion begins with a review of the strategic issues relevant to  benchmarking: imitative strategy, first-mover advantage, resource-based theory, innovation,  knowledge management and organizational learning. Assumptions are subsequently developed and  tested against a database of information from North American firms in many different sectors.  Insights are derived about the effectiveness of different benchmarking approaches. The results  reveal that benchmarking can actually generate broadly-based change in organizational thinking and  action.

Virtual seminars / Nelson Jr, H. Roice
Computers & Geosciences Vol: 23, Issue: 5 June, 1997 pp. 601-606
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0098-3004
Keywords: Distance learning; Information; Internet; Intranet; Knowledge; Learning; Media; Mentors; Virtual seminars; Virtual reality
Abstract:   A virtual seminar (SM) is an economic and effective instructional tool for teaching students who are  at a distance from their instructor. Like conventional class room teaching, a virtual seminar requires  an instructor, a student, and a method of communication. Teleconferencing, video conferencing,  intranets and the Internet give learners in a Virtual Seminar the ability to interact immediately with  their mentors and receive real and relevant answers. This paper shows how industry and academia  can benefit from using methods developed and experience gained in presenting the first virtual  seminars to academic and petroleum industry participants in mid-1996. The information explosion in  industry means that business or technical information is worthless until it is assimilated into a  corporate knowledge management system. A search for specific information often turns into a  filtering exercise or an attempt to find patterns and classify retrieved material. In the setting of an  interactive corporate information system, virtual seminars meet the need for a productive new  relationship between creative people and the flux of corporate knowledge. Experience shows that it  is more efficient to circulate time-sensitive and confidential information electronically through a virtual  seminar. Automating the classification of information and removing that task from the usual work  load creates an electronic corporate memory and enhances the value of the knowledge to both  users and a corporation. Catalogued benchmarks, best-practice standards, and Knowledge Maps  (SM) of experience serve as key aids to communicating knowledge through virtual seminars and  converting that knowledge into a profit-making asset.

The Challenge of Fifth Generation R&D / Rogers, Debra M. Amidon
The Journal of Product Innovation Management Vol: 14, Issue: 2 March, 1997 pp. 133-134
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0737-6782
Abstract:   In this article, Debra Amidon Rogers notes five major forces influencing the global marketplace that  must be understood to take advantage of the business opportunities provided by the global  economy: the shift from information to knowledge; from bureaucracies to networks; from training  and development to learning; from national to transnational; and from competitive to collaborative  strategy. All of these forces are leading us into an era of knowledge innovation. Rogers asserts that,  as a result of the economic, behavioral, and technological forces at work in the global economy, we  will see the emergence of virtual networked organizations unconstrained by conventional industry  boundaries. These are referred to by the author as ìcollaborative learning systems,î which will  enable the flow of knowledge (information with meaning), not just information, throughout the  organization. At the same time, this organization now will comprise customer, supplier, and  distributor, among other stakeholders.   These changes can radically affect the strategic business plan; firms are thus challenged to establish  organizational assumptions that will help them use their human resources in the most efficient way.  Some of these assumptions include:

1. The pace of networked communications will accelerate.
2. The boundaries between research disciplines will fade.
3. The key flow is the flow of knowledge, not information.
4. Networks will be both human and electronic in form.

The Strategic Value of Information in Business / Parker, Donn B.
Computers & Security Vol: 16, Issue: 6 1997 pp. 525
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0167-4048
Abstract:   Your business can be more successful with prudent protection of the information associated with  your products and customers in today's knowledge management. We hate the constraints of  information security. We need to determine how little security can achieve prudent due care, not  how much we can tolerate. Strategic application of information security is needed.

SAGE: An object-oriented framework for the construction of farm decision support systems / Gauthier, Laurent; Néel, Thierry
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture Vol: 16, Issue: 1 December, 1996 pp. 1-20
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0168-1699
Keywords: Farm management; Decision support systems; Smalltalk; Object-oriented software; Object-oriented databases
Abstract: In agriculture as in other domains, there exists a need for multifaceted and comprehensive decision support frameworks enabling the integration and use of different types of knowledge and information processing tools. The object-oriented paradigm provides a foundation for the construction of such general decision support frameworks. The objective of the described project was to build an object-oriented framework (called SAGE) for knowledge management and decision support in the area of agro-ecosystem management. The Smalltalk object-oriented programming system was the basic technology used to build the SAGE system. A Smalltalk-based object-oriented database management system was also used to provide persistence for Smalltalk objects. The result of the design and implementation effort is a library of Smalltalk classes that constitutes a framework onto which developers can build systems to represent agro-ecosystems and support the management of these systems. These classes are described and their design and implementation issues are discussed.

Dow's Journey to a Knowledge Value Management Culture / Petrash, Gordon
European Management Journal Vol: 14, Issue: 4 August, 1996 pp. 365-373
Publisher: Elsevier Science ISSN: 0263-2373
Abstract: Intellectual Capital/Knowledge Management is not the next silver bullet or fad that we should rally around. We need to ask is knowledge management important for the sake of ëwhat does it have to produce?í It is the creation of value for customers, share holders and employees. The Dow Chemical Company has spent the last four years developing a vision, functional systems, and tools, for the ëvalue managementí of its Intellectual Assets (IA). During this effort, it has developed some competencies in the area of ëmeasuring and valuingí IA, and in developing systems that support the leveraging of IA for maximum value. In this article, Dow shares its experiences gained and reveals some of the lessons learned from this highly successful endeavor. The article also gives a glimpse of Dow's future direction in the area of Intellectual Capital Management.

Nonstandard Set Theories and Information Management / Akman, Varol; Pakkan, Müjdat
Journal of Intelligent Information Systems Vol: 6, Issue: 1 January 1996 pp. 5-31
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers ISSN: 0925-9902
Keywords: set theory; knowledge representation; information management; commonsense reasoning; nonwell-founded sets (hypersets)
Abstract: The merits of set theory as a foundational tool in mathematics stimulate its use in various areas of artificial intelligence, in particular intelligent information systems. In this paper, a study of various nonstandard treatments of set theory from this perspective is offered. Applications of these alternative set theories to information or knowledge management are surveyed.

Dalle citazioni bibliografiche ottenute (della quale ricerca si dà conto nella prima parte dello scritto) sono state estratte le parole-chiave organizzandole provvisoriamente come segue.

Ovviamente il lavoro, qui del tutto sperimentale, e semplice strumento propedeutico a future attività di documentazione, può essere sviluppato estendendo la ricerca anche agli abstract, impostando valori statistici delle ricorrenze, analizzando meglio le sinonimie, osservando le varizioni anno per anno, fino a costruire un tesauro del settore, eccetera.
 

Rango delle proposizioni 35 - knowledge management 6 - artificial intelligence 5 - problem solving 4 - decision support systems, expert systems 3 - internet, knowledge, knowledge inertia, knowledge management system(s) 2 - communication, conceptual modeling, decision support, design rationale, information technology, intellectual capital, knowledge engineering, knowledge based systems, organizational impact of knowledge based systems, problem solving method(s), project management, tacit knowledge, action research 1 - activity theory, adaptive DSSs, balance scorecard, business architecture, business process, business process management, business process reengineering, business strategy, case based reasoning, clever project, cognitive map, collaborative learning, collaborative product development, collective decision making, commonsense reasoning, conceptual graphs, construction organizations, content analysis, core competencies, cultural historical, customer relationship, customer relationship management, data mining, decision making, delphi study, design process, discontinuous change, distance learning, distributed knowledge management, document evaluation, dynamic systems, education policy, electronic channel, end user, engineering practices, farm management, fault detection, fitness landscapes, formal model, fuzzy techniques, government university industry strategic R&D partnerships, health care, high performance teams, holistic DSSs, human computer interaction, information and communication technologies, information integration, information management, information processing, information product development, information retrieval, information science, information system design, information systems, information technology productivity paradox, inquiring organizations, inquiring systems, intangible asset recognition, intangible assets, intellectual capital measurement, intelligent trans organizational knowledge interfaces, international entrepreneurship, job quality, knowledge acquisition, knowledge chain, knowledge elicitation, knowledge flow, knowledge integration, knowledge management activities, knowledge management international ventures, knowledge management strategy, knowledge modeling, knowledge networks, knowledge processing strategy, knowledge representation, knowledge resources, knowledge sharing, knowledge systems, knowledge transfer, knowledge based information systems, knowledge oriented view, knowledge sharing,  lessons learned, lessons learned systems, management studies, managerial and organizational cognition, marketing decision support, meaning, media, meta learning, multi agents, multivariate data analysis, new product development, next generation intelligent agents, non adaptive systems, nonwell founded sets (hypersets), object modelling, object oriented databases, object oriented software, organisational knowledge management, organizational capability, organizational conditions for knowledge based systems, organizational knowledge management networks, organizational learning, organizational memory, process knowledge, process re-engineering, process based organisation, product development, product state model, project risk analysis and management, project based organizations, publishing industry, qualitative risk assessment, relative assessment, research collaboration, sense making, set theory, software agents, stage model, static systems, strategic application identification, strategic change, structured documents, supply chains, symbiotic DSSs, systems thinking, system user concept communication, team management, team processes, techniques and methods, transaction cost economics, typology of international ventures, university education, university librarians, user interface design and evaluation, value of knowledge, virtual organisations, virtual reality, virtual seminars, wicked decisions

Rango delle parole (escluse quelle vuote) 28 - knowledge 18 - management 16 - system(s) 13 - information, organisation(al)(s) 9 - decision(s) / decision-making 8 - process(es) / process-based 7 - model / modeling, strateg-y(-ic) 5 - business, product, project(s) / project-based 4 - design, development, DSS(s), knowledge-based, learning, reengineering / re-engineering 3 - agent(s), analysis, communication, education, intelligen-ce(-t), international, reasoning, support, team(s), technolog-y(ies), theory, virtual 2 - activit-y(ies), assessment, asset(s), capital, case-based, chain(s), change, collaborative, conceptual, customer, data, document(s), engineering, evaluation, inquiring, intangible, integration, intellectual, interface(s), learned, lessons, making, method(s), networks, object-oriented, problem / problem-solving, processing, relationship, research, risk, set(s), software, stud-y(-ies), techniques, university, ventures 1 - acquisition, action, adaptive, application, architecture, artificial, auctions, balance, capability, care, channel, clever, cognition, cognitive, collaboration, collective, commonsense, competencies, competitiveness, concept, conditions, construction, content, co-opetition, core, cost, cultural-historical, databases, delphi, detection, discontinuous, distance, distributed, dynamic, economics, electronic, elicitation, end-user, entrepreneurship, expert, farm, fault, fitness, flow, formal, framework, fuzzy, generation, GIS, governance, government?university?industry, graphs, groupware, health, high-performance, holistic, human?computer, hypersets, identification, impact, industry, inertia, interaction, internet, job, knowledge-oriented, knowledge-sharing, landscapes, leadership, librarians, managerial, map, marketing, meaning, measurement, media, memory, mentors, metadata, meta-learning, mining, multi-agents, multivariate, new, next, non-adaptive, nonwell-founded, object, ontology, paradox, partnerships, policy, practices, productivity, publishing, qualitative, quality, R&D, rationale, reality, recognition, relative, representation, resources, retrieval, science, scorecard, security, seminars, sense, SGML, sharing, smalltalk, solving, stage, state, static, structured, supply, symbiotic, system?user, tacit, taxonomy, thinking, transaction, transfer, trans-organizational, trust, typology, UML, user, value, view, wicked

Le parole-chiave sono poi state aggregate per costruire semplici (e del tutto strumentali ed euristici e dipendenti dal campione bibliografico, oltre che dalle intenzioni del compilatore: altra bibliografia e altro punto di vista produrrebbero, necessariamente, diversi raggruppamenti) grappoli semantici, che potrebbero servire per riorganizzare per temi la bibliografia fornita.

Grappoli semantici di parole-chiave estratte dagli articoli
 

Generalità, Storia del KM history of knowledge management, methods of KM, strategic value of information in business, techniques of KM, tools of KM	Conoscenza tacita, Capitale intellettuale collective intellect, emotions, intangible asset recognition, intellectual capital, knowledge assets, knowledge-sharing, subjective insights, tacit knowledge	Apprendimento, Creazione e trasferimento di k, Gestione documentale determinacy of representation, distance learning, document collection size, document evaluation, document retrieval, knowledge creation and transfer, knowledge resources, knowledge transfer, learning approach, media, mentors, organizational learning, SGML, structured documents, taxonomy, virtual reality, virtual seminars
Lavoro collaborativo, Soluzione di problemi collaborative product development, collective decision-making, core competencies, decision making, decision support systems, distributed knowledge management, groupware, high-performance teams, job quality, lessons learned, organizational learning, organizational memory, problem solving, problem-solving methods, product development, product state model, project management, team management, team processes	Sistemi informativi / cognitivi adaptive DSSs, dynamic systems, extranets, fault detection, holistic DSSs, intranets, knowledge elicitation, knowledge-based systems, multivariate data analysis, non-adaptive systems, object modelling, object-oriented databases, object-oriented software, organizational conditions for knowledge-based systems, organizational impact of knowledge-based systems, project risk analysis and management, qualitative risk assessment, security static systems, symbiotic DSSs, virtual organisations	Intelligenza artificiale, Ontologie, Scienza cognitiva agent(s), artificial intelligence, case-based reasoning, cognitive architectures, cognitive map, cognitive psychology, cognitive science, collaborative learning, commonsense reasoning, conceptual graphs, conceptual modeling, expert systems, information integration, knowledge engineering, knowledge inertia, knowledge modeling, knowledge representation, managerial and organizational cognition, meta-learning, next generation intelligent agents, ontolog-y(-ies), reengintering, software agents, systems thinking
Gestione strategica, Gestione di processi, Presa di decisioni benchmarking, business architecture, business process, business process management, business process reengineering, competitiveness, complexity theory, decision support systems, decision-making, design process, discontinuous change, firm structure, industrial context, inquiring organizations, inquiring systems, knowledge management strategy, managing knowledge assets, organisational knowledge management, organizational capability, post-modern organizational theory, process re-engineering, process-based organisation, strateg-y(-ies)	Coinvolgimento degli utenti / clienti, Università, Ricerca, Biblioteche customer relationship, education policy, information product development, knowledge integration, marketing decision support, research libraries, special libraries, system?user concept communication, university education, university librarians, user interface design and evaluation	"Governance", Globalizzazione global economy, global marketplace, global technology markets, governance, international entrepreneurship, international ventures, project-based organizations, strategic R&D partnerships, transaction cost economics, trans-organizational knowledge interfaces

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Acronimi ricorrenti nelle parole chiave o negli abstract
 

AI = artificial intelligence ART = action, reflex, trigger CLEVER = cross-sectorial  learning in the virtual enterprise CM = cognitive map DKM = distributed knowledge management DDSS = distributed decision support system DSS = decision support system GIS = geographic information system GUI = government-university-industry IA = intellectual assets IC = intellectual capital ICM = intellectual capital management ICT = information and communication technology IPD = information product development IR = information retrieval

IT = information technology KBS = knowledge-based system KI = knowledge inertia KM = knowledge management KMS = knowledge management system MAS = multi-agent system NPD = new product development OCS = Organizational Cognition Spiral OKnet = organizational knowledge network PKM = project-oriented knowledge medium PSF = professional service firm R&D = research & development SDSS = spatial decision support system TQM = Total Quality Management VINE = virtual, intelligent, networked enterprise